For diagnosis of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) primary infections by use of Complement fixation test, the HSV-CF antigen was prepared. Virus was isolated from herpetic lesions on lips and confirmed by electron microscopy and specific antisera. The results confirmed correct HSV isolation. The isolated virus inoculated to susceptible cell line-Vero-with a high infections dose (MOI=0.1) and incubated at 33°C. When complete CPE appeared, supernatant harvested as source of antigen.93 serum samples were tested by Complement fixation test (Kolmer method) using both prepared and imported antigens. The specificity and sensitivity of the test using prepared antigen in comparison of imported one were 100% and 84.7%, respectively. Because of we prepare the antigen using only one of two serotypes of the virus, in some cases that antibody directed against other serotype in patient's serum, false-negative results occur. This led to reduction the sensitivity of test by homemade antigen.

Glanders is a contagious infectious disease caused by Burkholderia mallei that affects both solipeds and carnivores. This disease occasionally leads to human infection through direct contact between humans and infected animals. The recent rise in the prevalence of glanders has caused a focus on control and eradication programs, emphasizing accurate diagnosis of infected cases using a high-performance test. To this end, antigenic proteins were purified from Burkholderia mallei, and the mallein test was then optimized using the purified proteins. Finally, the efficacy of antigenic proteins was evaluated using the Complement fixation test (CFT). The laboratory strain of B. mallei was selected and the proteins of inactivated bacteria were precipitated using ammonium sulfate (AS) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA). An optimal precipitation method was selected, and the proteins were purified using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Brute mallein was also prepared to compare the results. The protein profile of the samples was analyzed using SDS-PAGE. The mallein test was also performed, and the results were evaluated using CFT. The AS method was selected as the optimal precipitation method. The protein profile exhibited a range of proteins from low to high molecular weights, appearing as a smear in the brute mallein. The mallein test using the AS-participated proteins, the first fraction from SEC, and the second fraction from HPLC yielded significant results, demonstrating erythema with a diameter of 18.46, 21.70 and 25.37 mm, respectively. The mallein test results were confirmed by CFT. The findings suggested that the purified antigenic proteins improved the mallein test and CFT results. Consequently, these proteins can be used to diagnose glanders correctly and increase the accuracy of the mallein test and CFT.

Glanders caused by Burkholderia mallei is one of the most dangerous zoonotic diseases in solipeds. Clinical diagnosis of this disease in its early stages in horses, is difficult. This study investigated serological and molecular identification of B. mallei in East Azerbaijan province. In the third and fourth quarters of 2020, throughout 2021, and in the first and second quarters of 2022, the Complement fixation test (CFT) was performed on 350 horses. The malleination was used to confirm the positive CFT cases. Blood samples were taken for culture and for preparing serums to perform the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Deep eye discharge, nostril, cutaneous ulcers and lymph fluid swabs were cultured, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out. Eleven horses were CFT-positive. Based on the malleination on the 11 horses, six were affected by glanders, five were not affected (false positive), and one horse was CFT-negative despite exhibiting clinical signs. It was positive by malleination, ELISA and PCR. A total number of seven positive cases of glanders were diagnosed. The B. mallei could not be isolated, but the Burkholderia cepacia complex was isolated in one case. Except for three cases, the results of the CFT, mallein and ELISA tests were consistent. The amount of confidence interval was 95.00%. It is suggested that ELISA could be used as a Complement to CFT in screening and, if positive results are observed in one of the tests, the entire herd must be examined more accurately using the mallein and western blot confirmatory tests.

Glanders is a zoonosis caused by Burkholderia mallei (B. mallei). Glanders has been re-emerging in recent years due to war in the Middle East, unauthorized transfer, the lack of formulated action plans, etc. The prevalence of glanders in Iran and the risk of B. mallei transmission and infection is high, therefore requires the quick identify this disease in animals, particularly in horses. This study investigated glanders re-emerging in horses in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. From 22 September 2020 to 20 March 2021, six-month periodic tests such as the Complement fixation test (CFT) were implemented by the Veterinary Administration of East Azerbaijan to detect glanders in horses. In the case of positive CFT results, the mallein test was conducted. According to the test results, blood samples were taken to culture and prepare serum for the ELISA test. Deep swab samples were collected from nasal mucosa, lymph fluid, and blood. The CFT results indicated 12 horses were susceptible to glanders, and three horses were diagnosed with glanders based on the mallein confirmatory test results. B. mallei were not isolated in culturing the samples. Three cases were positive in the ELISA test which was consistent with the CFT and mallein test results. However, the molecular test results were negative. It is challenging to isolate B. mallei in the early stage of disease, and the negative molecular diagnostic test result may be misleading in glanders diagnosis. In susceptible cases with a positive CF test result, glanders can be diagnosed by skin mallein and ELISA tests.

One of the issues of reliable performance in the power grid is the existence of electromechanical oscillations between interconnected generators. The number of generators participating in each electromechanical oscillation mode and the frequency oscillation depends on the structure and function of the power grid. In this paper, to improve the transient nature of the network and damping electromechanical fluctuations, a decentralized robust adaptive control method based on dynamic programming has been used to design a stabilizing power system and a Complementary static var compensator (SVC) controller. By applying a single line to ground fault in the network, the robustness of the designed control systems is demonstrated. Also, the simulation results of the method used in this paper are compared with controllers whose parameters are adjusted using the PSO algorithm. The simulation results show the superiority of the decentralized robust adaptive control method based on dynamic programming for the stabilizing design of the power system and the Complementary SVC controller. The performance of the control method is tested using the IEEE 16-machine, 68-bus, 5-area is verified with time domain simulation.